2026 WAEC

Tuesday 19th May 2026

Livestock Farming 

EXAM PLUTO

PIN: 3901

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LIVESTOCK FARMING OBJECTIVE 

1-10: CBBCCDDDCC
11-20: AADCBBBCCD
21-30: AABADACDCD
31-40: CBABADDAAD



ALL COMPLETED ✅ ENJOY


(1ai)
(α) Cannibalism:
(i) Avoid overcrowding of birds in the pen.
(ii) Debeak the birds / provide adequate feed and water.

(β) Shell-less eggs:
(i) Feed birds with calcium-rich feed.
(ii) Provide vitamin D supplements / balanced ration.

(γ) Wet litter:
(i) Ensure proper ventilation in the poultry house.
(ii) Replace wet litter regularly and repair leaking drinkers.

(1aii)
(i) Deficiency of calcium in feed.
(ii) Lack of vitamin D / disease affecting egg formation.

(1aiii)
Deep litter system.

(1b)
(i) Farm diary: A farm diary is a daily record book in which all farm activities and events are recorded for future reference.
(ii) Balance sheet: A balance sheet is a financial statement showing the assets and liabilities of the farm at a particular time.
(iii) Inventory record: An inventory record is a list showing the quantity and value of farm inputs, equipment and livestock on the farm.

(1c)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) High yield of forage.
(ii) Fast growth rate.
(iii) Palatable to livestock.
(iv) Resistant to pests and diseases.
(v) Ability to withstand drought and grazing.
(vi) Easy to establish and maintain.
(vii) High nutritive value.
(viii) Ability to regrow quickly after cutting or grazing.

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(2a)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Nutrition and quality of feed.
(ii) Age of the sheep.
(iii) Diseases and parasites.
(iv) Breed or heredity.
(v) Proper management practices.
(vi) Environmental conditions
(vii) Body weight and condition of the sheep.

(2b)
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Swine fever
(ii) Foot and mouth disease.
(iii) African swine fever.
(iv) Swine influenza.
(v) Pseudorabies disease.

(2c)
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Stimulate contraction of the uterus during birth.
(ii) Promote milk production and milk let-down.
(iii) Relax the pelvic muscles and cervix for easy delivery.
(iv) Initiate and regulate parturition.
(v) Help in expulsion of the placenta after birth.


2D










(2e)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Enlargement of the udder.
(ii) Swollen vulva with mucus discharge.
(iii) Restlessness and frequent lying down and standing up.
(iv) Relaxation of pelvic ligaments
(v) Loss of appetite.
(vi) Isolation from other animals.
(vii) Frequent urination and tail raising.
(viii) Enlargement and reddening of the vulva.

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(3ai)
(PICK ANY ONE)
Quarantine is the separation of newly purchased or suspected diseased animals for a period of time in order to observe them and prevent disease spread to healthy animals.

OR

Quarantine is the practice of keeping newly introduced animals or animals suspected to be carrying diseases away from other animals for some time to prevent disease outbreak.

(3aii)
(PICK ANY ONE)
Culling is the removal or disposal of unproductive, old, diseased or inferior animals from a herd or flock to improve production.

OR

Culling is the act of removing animals with poor quality, low productivity or diseases from the farm herd or flock.

(3aiii)
Isolation is the separation of sick or infected animals from healthy ones in order to prevent the spread of disease.

OR

Isolation is the keeping apart of infected or sick animals from healthy animals so as to control the spread of disease.

(3b)
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Outbreak of contagious disease.
(ii) Presence of sick or injured animals.
(iii) Animals showing abnormal behaviour.
(iv) Newly treated animals under observation.


(3c)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Vaccination.
(ii) Castration.
(iii) Dehorning.
(iv) Branding.
(v) Drenching.
(vi) Ear tagging.

(3d)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Breed of the goat.
(ii) Quality of feed.
(iii) Health condition of the goat.
(iv) Age of the goat.
(v) Stage of lactation.
(vi) Frequency of milking.

(3e)
(i) Honey.
(ii) Beeswax.
(iii) Royal jelly.
(iv) Propolis.



(4ai)
(PICK ANY ONE)
Castration in animal production is the process of removing or inactivating the testicles of male animals so they cannot reproduce. It is commonly carried out in livestock such as cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, and horses.

OR

Castration in animal production is the management practice of removing or disabling the reproductive organs (testes) of a male animal in order to stop the production of sperm and male hormones, thereby preventing the animal from breeding.

(4aii)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Use clean and sterilized instruments to prevent infection.
(ii) Properly restrain the animal to avoid injury during the operation.
(iii) Carry out the operation in a clean and dry environment.
(iv) Clean and disinfect the scrotal area before making the incision.
(v) Perform the operation on young animals for easier healing.
(vi) Avoid carrying out the operation during extreme weather conditions.
(vii) Control bleeding and apply antiseptic after the incision.
(viii) Monitor the animal after the operation for signs of infection.

(4aiii)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) It prevents uncontrolled breeding among animals.
(ii) It reduces aggressive behavior in male animals.
(iii) It makes animals easier and safer to handle.
(iv) It improves the quality and tenderness of meat.
(v) It prevents undesirable odors or flavors in meat.
(vi) It allows better management and control of the herd.
(vii) It helps animals grow faster and convert feed more efficiently.
(viii) It prevents mating of inferior males with females.

(4b)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) To detect sick or injured animals early.
(ii) To observe animals before they are disturbed by daily activities.
(iii) To check if animals have enough feed and water.
(iv) To identify abnormal behavior quickly.
(v) To detect signs of disease or parasites early.
(vi) To remove dead or weak animals promptly.
(vii) To ensure housing and equipment are in good condition.
(viii) To allow quick treatment or management decisions.

(4ci)
(PICK ANY ONE EACH)
(α) Debeaking:
Debeaking is the removal or trimming of part of a bird’s beak to prevent pecking and cannibalism among poultry.

OR

Debeaking is a management practice in poultry production where the tip of the beak is cut to reduce feed wastage and injury to other birds.

(β) Hoof trimming:
Hoof trimming is the cutting and shaping of overgrown hooves of farm animals to maintain proper foot structure and movement.

OR

Hoof trimming is a management practice used to prevent lameness and foot diseases in animals such as cattle, sheep, and goats.

(γ) Wound dressing:
Wound dressing is the cleaning and covering of an injury on an animal’s body to prevent infection and promote healing.

OR

Wound dressing is the application of antiseptics or protective materials to wounds in order to protect them from dirt, germs, and further damage.

(4cii)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) It prevents overgrowth of the hooves.
(ii) It reduces the risk of foot diseases such as foot rot.
(iii) It helps sheep to walk properly and comfortably.
(iv) It prevents lameness in sheep.
(v) It improves the overall health and productivity of the sheep.
(vi) It makes movement and grazing easier for the sheep.



(5ai)
(i) Meat.
(ii) Milk.
(iii) Eggs.

(5aii)
(i) Ploughing of land.
(ii) Transportation of farm produce.
(iii) Pulling farm implements and carts.

(5aiii)
(i) Hides and skins for leather.
(ii) Wool and hair for textiles.
(iii) Bones and horns for craft works.

(5b)
(i) Eggs.
(ii) Meat.
(iii) Feathers.
(iv) Manure.
(v) Blood meal.

(5c)
Incubation is the process of keeping fertile eggs under suitable temperature, humidity and ventilation conditions until they hatch into chicks.

(5di)
75% of 250 chickens = 75/100 × 250
= 187.5 ≈ 188 eggs per day
Therefore, number of eggs expected in 20 days =
188 × 20 = 3760 eggs
Answer = 3760 eggs.

(5dii)
If 1 egg tray contains 30 eggs,
Number of trays needed = 3760 ÷ 30
= 125.3
Therefore, 126 egg trays will be needed




NUMBER 6
(6a)
(i) It serves as a storage chamber for ingested feed before digestion.
(ii) It provides a site for microbial digestion of cellulose and fibrous materials.
(iii) It helps in the fermentation of feed to produce volatile fatty acids used for energy.
(iv) It assists in mixing and regurgitation of food during rumination.


(6bi)
=CIRCULATORY SYSTEM=
(i) Heart
(ii) Arteries
(iii) Veins

(6bii)
=EXCRETORY SYSTEM=
(i) Kidneys
(ii) Ureters
(iii) Urinary bladder


(6c)
(i) It promotes rapid growth and proper body development.
(ii) It increases egg production and improves egg quality.
(iii) It improves resistance to diseases and infections.
(iv) It reduces mortality and improves productivity.


(6di)
Dressed carcass refers to the body of a slaughtered animal after the removal of the blood, feathers or skin, head, internal organs and other unwanted parts, ready for sale or consumption.


(6dii)
(i) The bird is slaughtered by cutting the throat to allow proper bleeding.
(ii) The feathers are removed after scalding the bird in hot water.
(iii) The internal organs are removed through evisceration.
(iv) The dressed bird is washed, chilled and prepared for packaging or marketing.