2026 WAEC

Friday 5th June 2026

Geography 

Exam Pluto

PIN: 035

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GEOGRAPHY WAEC QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS BELOW 


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Completed!!!


 *NUMBER ONE*

(1a)
Favourable balance of trade is a situation where the value of a country's exports is greater than the value of its imports within a given period. It results in a trade surplus.

(1b)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Poor transportation network which makes movement of goods difficult and expensive.
(ii) Inadequate communication facilities that slow down business transactions and exchange of information.
(iii) Political instability and civil conflicts that disrupt commercial activities.
(iv) Low level of industrial development leading to limited production of tradable goods.
(v) Similarity in the products produced by many African countries, reducing the need for inter-country trade.
(vi) Trade restrictions such as tariffs, quotas and customs barriers imposed by governments.
(vii) Inadequate capital and investment needed for large-scale production and trade.
(viii) Poor storage and warehousing facilities resulting in spoilage of goods, especially agricultural products.
(ix) Currency instability and exchange rate fluctuations which discourage international transactions.
(x) Corruption and bureaucratic bottlenecks that delay the movement of goods across borders

(1c)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Increases foreign exchange earnings.
(ii) Improves the country's balance of payments position.
(iii) Promotes economic growth and development.
(iv) Encourages expansion of local industries.
(v) Creates employment opportunities for citizens.
(vi) Increases government revenue through export-related taxes and activities.
(vii) Strengthens the value and stability of the national currency.
(viii) Enhances the country's international creditworthiness and reputation.
(ix) Increases national income and living standards.
(x) Provides funds for infrastructural development and investment.


*WAEC GEOGRAPHY* 

 *NUMBER TWO*

(2a)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Rural dwellers depend on urban centres for manufactured goods and consumer products.
(ii) They rely on urban areas for higher educational institutions and specialized training.
(iii) Rural communities depend on urban hospitals and healthcare facilities for advanced medical services.
(iv) They obtain banking, insurance and other financial services from urban centres.
(v) Urban areas provide markets for the sale of agricultural products produced in rural areas.
(vi) Rural settlements depend on urban centres for administrative and government services.
(vii) They rely on urban industries for employment opportunities and income generation.
(viii) Urban centres supply farm machinery, fertilizers, pesticides and improved seeds to rural farmers.
(ix) Rural dwellers depend on urban centres for specialized technical and professional services.
(x) They obtain information, communication and media services from urban areas.

(2b)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Low population density with relatively few people living in a large area.
(ii) Most inhabitants are engaged in primary activities such as farming, fishing, hunting and forestry.
(iii) Settlements are usually small and widely dispersed.
(iv) Social amenities such as electricity, pipe-borne water and healthcare facilities are often inadequate.
(v) Transportation and communication networks are generally poorly developed.
(vi) Housing is commonly built with local materials such as mud, thatch, bamboo and wood.
(vii) The standard of living is generally lower than that of urban areas.
(viii) There is a strong sense of community and close social relationships among residents.
(ix) Educational facilities are limited and often poorly equipped.
(x) The environment is dominated by natural vegetation and agricultural land use.




*GEOGRAPHY ANSWER*

*NUMBER THREE*

(3a)
Forced migration is the compulsory or involuntary movement of a person or a group of people away from their home region or country. It is typically driven by external factors that threaten their safety, freedom, or survival, such as natural disasters, civil wars, political persecution, or environmental crises.

(3b) 
(CHOOSE ANY FOUR)
(i) Language and Communication Barriers: Many migrants struggle to speak or understand the official language of the host country, which severely limits their access to employment, healthcare, and everyday social integration.
(ii) Cultural Shock and Social Isolation: Migrants often experience a drastic contrast in social norms, values, religious practices, and traditions, leading to profound feelings of loneliness, alienation, and homesickness.
(iii) Discrimination and Xenophobia: Migrants frequently encounter racial profiling, prejudice, and systemic bias when searching for housing, securing employment, or interacting within public spaces.
(iv) High Cost of Living: Adapting to the significantly higher costs of rent, food, healthcare, taxes, and basic utilities in developed nations poses a major financial strain on new arrivals.
(v) Strict Immigration Laws and Legal Hurdles: Navigating complex visa processes, dealing with the constant fear of deportation, or facing restrictions that prevent them from working legally creates immense psychological and financial stress.
(vi) Underemployment and "Brain Waste": Highly qualified professionals (such as teachers, doctors, or engineers) are often forced to take low-skilled, low-paying manual jobs because the host country does not recognize foreign academic degrees or professional certifications.


(3c)
(CHOOSE ANY FIVE)
(i) Provision of Labor: Migration supplies a steady workforce to fill critical labor shortages in key economic sectors such as commercial agriculture, construction, and mining.
(ii) Inflow of Skilled Manpower: It attracts educated professionals—such as teachers, medical practitioners, and technical experts—from neighboring countries, helping to bridge domestic skill gaps.
(iii) Cultural Enrichment and Diversity: The influx of different nationalities enriches the host region's social fabric through the introduction of new languages, cuisines, clothing styles, and artistic expressions.
(iv) Expansion of Domestic Markets: A growing population increases the local consumer base, driving up the demand for goods, accommodation, and public services, which boosts local commerce.
(v) Stimulus for Infrastructure Development: Increased population pressure prompts both governments and private developers to expand and upgrade public utilities, transportation networks, schools, and health facilities.
(vi) Promotion of Regional Integration: It fosters stronger diplomatic, political, and economic cooperation between the host country and the migrants' countries of origin, supporting regional unity initiatives like ECOWAS.
(vii) Transfer of New Innovations and Ideas: Migrants bring unique entrepreneurial strategies, diverse farming techniques, and new technological ideas that can spark innovation and growth within local industries.
(viii) Increased Government Revenue: Employed migrants contribute directly to the host country's economy by paying income taxes, licensing fees, and value-added taxes (VAT) on goods and services.




*WAEC GEOGRAPHY* 

 *NUMBER FOUR*

(4a)
Draw the diagram below 





(4b)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) They operate on a small scale: Local craft industries produce goods in relatively small quantities when compared with large-scale manufacturing industries. Their production is mainly intended to meet local demand and nearby markets rather than mass production.
(ii) They are labour-intensive: Most activities in local craft industries are carried out manually by craftsmen and artisans. Human labour plays a major role in production because little or no sophisticated machinery is used.
(iii) They make use of local raw materials: The industries depend largely on raw materials obtained from their immediate environment. Examples include clay for pottery, wood for carving, cotton for weaving, leather for tanning, and raffia for basket making.
(iv) They require little capital to establish and maintain: The amount of money needed to start and run a local craft industry is usually low. This makes it possible for individuals, families, and small groups to own and operate such industries without heavy financial investment.
(v) They use simple tools and traditional technology: Production is carried out with simple hand tools and indigenous techniques that have been passed down from one generation to another. The technology employed is generally less complex and less expensive than that used in modern industries.
(vi) Skills are acquired through apprenticeship and informal training: Workers often learn the craft through practical experience under skilled craftsmen rather than through formal education. Apprentices spend years learning the techniques, methods, and secrets of the trade before becoming independent artisans.
(vii) They are usually family-owned and managed: Many local craft industries are owned by individuals or families. Family members often participate in production, management, and marketing activities, making the business easy to control.

(4c)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Provide employment opportunities.
(ii) Generate income for individuals and families.
(iii) Reduce rural-urban migration.
(iv) Encourage the utilization of local raw materials.
(v) Promote the development of entrepreneurship.
(vi) Generate revenue for the government through taxes and levies.
(vii) Earn foreign exchange through the export of craft products.
(viii) Contribute to national economic growth and development.
(ix) Promote the development of rural areas.
(x) Help to reduce poverty and improve living standards.


*WAEC GEOGRAPHY*

 *NUMBER FIVE*

(5a)
Plantation agriculture is a system of large-scale farming in which a single cash crop is cultivated extensively on a large area of land mainly for commercial purposes, processing, and export.

(5b)
(PICK FIVE ONLY)
(i) Large-scale production.
(ii) Cultivation of mainly one crop.
(iii) Heavy use of hired labour.
(iv) Production is mainly for commercial purposes.
(v) Requires large capital investment.
(vi) Use of modern farming techniques and equipment.
(vii) Presence of processing facilities near plantations.
(viii) Usually located in areas with favourable climatic conditions.

(5c)
(PICK FOUR ONLY)
(i) High Cost of Capital: Plantation agriculture requires substantial financial investment for land acquisition, machinery, seedlings, fertilizers, irrigation facilities, and processing equipment. Many farmers find it difficult to obtain adequate funds.
(ii) Pest and Disease Outbreaks: Since plantations often involve the cultivation of a single crop over large areas, pests and diseases can spread rapidly, causing significant losses in yield and income.
(iii) Fluctuation in Market Prices: The prices of plantation crops such as cocoa, rubber, oil palm, and coffee often change in both local and international markets, making farmers' incomes unstable.
(iv) Labour Shortage: Plantation farming is labour-intensive, especially during planting, weeding, harvesting, and processing periods. The migration of young people to urban areas often creates shortages of farm labour.
(v) Poor Transportation Network: Bad roads and inadequate transport facilities make it difficult for farmers to move harvested products to processing centres and markets, leading to delays and losses.
(vi) Adverse Weather Conditions: Drought, excessive rainfall, flooding, and other climatic problems can negatively affect crop growth, reduce yields, and damage plantations.
(vii) Land Tenure Problems: Difficulty in acquiring large areas of land due to communal ownership, land disputes, and inheritance systems often limits the expansion of plantation agriculture.
(viii) Inadequate Government Support: Many plantation farmers face challenges such as limited access to agricultural loans, subsidies, extension services, improved seedlings, and other forms of government assistance needed to improve productivity.




NUMBER 6
(6a)





(6b)
(i)Overcrowding: Extreme pressure on housing leading to slums.
(ii)Unemployment: Job shortages due to a massive influx of laborers.
(iii)Traffic Congestion: Severe gridlock on poorly planned city roads.
(iv)Inadequate Infrastructure: Overstretched water, electricity, and health services.
(v)Increased Crime: Rising rates of theft, cultism, and social vices.


(6c)
(i)Rural-Urban Migration: Mass exodus of youths seeking better opportunities.
(ii)Lack of Amenities: Total absence of modern infrastructure and electricity.
(iii)Poor Job Prospects: Limited economic options outside of subsistence farming.